UTAH | BEYOND THE CAPITOL
Monday, November 9, 2026 · GAIA 1.5 · Civic research synthesis
This master register merges FANCY 1.33, ERIKA 1.6, LANGHORNE 1.1 and REMY 1.6. It contains 209 distinct normalized names after text-level deduplication. Source overlap measures repeat appearance, not candidate quality. All entries are documented public figures or institutional references—not declared Senate candidates, consenting recruits, endorsements, Mugwumps members or confirmed Utah residents.
The contest is Utah's Class III U.S. Senate election on November 7, 2028, currently held by Mike Lee. John Curtis holds the other Utah Senate seat, ordinarily next up in 2030. The 2022 Lee–McMullin result is historical context, not a 2028 forecast.
1. Housing affordability, growth and household costs.
2. Great Salt Lake, drought, clean air, drinking water and agricultural water use.
3. Rural hospitals, health workforce, food access and equal services.
4. Farmers, ranchers, mineral and energy work, labor and small enterprise.
5. Tribal sovereignty, public lands and regional infrastructure.
Entries are grouped by the number of source dossiers naming them, then alphabetically—NOT ranked as candidates. Geography often indicates service or organization base rather than legal domicile. Short role descriptors are inherited from the supplied dossiers and require source-level reconfirmation.
The four dossiers disagree on some current tribal leadership titles. ERIKA and LANGHORNE flag later pages identifying Shaun Chapoose and Jason Walker; older registers identify Julius Murray and Dennis Alex. The Skull Valley Goshute lists also differ. Do not promote an inherited title as current without confirming it with the relevant sovereign government. No political views are inferred from identity, occupation, tribal leadership, or nonprofit service.
• Amos Murphy — West · Ibapah / Tooele; Goshute chairman, state roster [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Brad Asay — Statewide · teachers union; Utah AFL-CIO vice president [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Carolyn Chando — First labor district · federal workers; AFL-CIO board [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Chris Chambers — Farm Bureau District 1; Regional board director [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Clayton Rindlisbacher — Central · Juab; Young Farmers and Ranchers chair [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Cody Wilkins — Farm Bureau District 5; Regional board director [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Colleen Benally — Southeast · San Juan; Food Bank director, school district [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• David Lloyd — First labor district · ironworkers; AFL-CIO board [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Derek Caldwell — Second labor district · electrical; AFL-CIO board [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Dot Jensen — Statewide / locality unverified; Women's leadership representative [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Dustin Cox — South · Kane County; Farm Bureau education chair, rancher [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Ginette Bott — Salt Lake Valley / statewide; Utah Food Bank president and CEO [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Jack Tidrow — First labor district · firefighters; AFL-CIO board [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Janae Titmus — Farm Bureau District 3; Regional board director [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Jared Buhler — Farm Bureau District 7; Regional board director [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Jeff Worthington — Statewide · rail workers; Utah AFL-CIO president [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Jeremy Haslam — Second labor district · pipe trades; AFL-CIO board [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Kenny Mcfarland — Farm Bureau District 2; Regional board director [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Kyle Craig — West · Skull Valley; Skull Valley Goshute vice chair and acting chair, state roster [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Lavine Shapiro — Salt Lake Valley / statewide; Food Bank development chief [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Logan Howard — Statewide · Pride at Work; AFL-CIO constituency member [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Rod Dunn — First labor district · transit workers; AFL-CIO board [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Russ Kohler — Farm Bureau District 4; Regional board director [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Scott Weeks — Third labor district · railroad; AFL-CIO board [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Scott Woodhead — Salt Lake Valley / statewide; Food Bank operations chief [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Shad Wright — Northern Utah labor network; Northern Utah Labor Council president [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Shykell Ledford — Statewide · public employees; AFL-CIO at-large board [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Spencer Hogue — Second labor district · logistics; AFL-CIO board [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Tamra Borchardt-Slayton — Southwest · Cedar City; Paiute Indian Peaks Band council member [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Thomas Denos — Second labor district · communications; AFL-CIO board [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Trevor Barnson — Farm Bureau District 6; Regional board director [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Tyson Roberts — North · Layton / Davis; Farm Bureau vice president, produce farmer [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Valjay Rigby — North · Newton / Cache; Farm Bureau president, crop and cattle farmer [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Aimee Botelho — Salt Lake Valley / statewide; Food Bank HR chief [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Angie Fausett — Rural Utah · residence unverified [Sources: FANCY, REMY, ERIKA]
• Brandon Dew — Central Utah labor network; Central Utah Labor Council president [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Brandon Hall — Southwest · Ivins / Washington County [Sources: FANCY, REMY, ERIKA]
• Carlene Yellowhair — Southeast Utah / Arizona headquarters; San Juan Southern Paiute president on state page [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY]
• Chaz Whitbeck — Rural Utah · residence unverified [Sources: FANCY, REMY, ERIKA]
• Colin Quincy — Salt Lake Valley / statewide; Food Bank vice chair [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Daniel Brewer — Statewide · rail workers; AFL-CIO at-large board [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• David Damschen — Statewide · housing; Food Bank director, housing corporation [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Genevieve Spackman — Salt Lake Valley · corporate work; Food Bank director [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Gwen Cantsee — Southeast · White Mesa; Ute Mountain Ute White Mesa council representative [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Jarrod Hunt — Salt Lake Valley / statewide; Food Bank board chair [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Jason Walker — North · Ogden / Shoshone; Northwestern Shoshone chairman on state tribal nations page [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Jerry Philpot — Third labor district · public employees; AFL-CIO board [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Jim Mclaughin — First labor district · retail food workers; AFL-CIO board [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Kasey Shakespear — Southwest · St. George organizational base [Sources: FANCY, REMY, ERIKA]
• Kent Liston — Salt Lake Valley / statewide; Food Bank CFO [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Kevin Owen — Second labor district · electrical; AFL-CIO board [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Kurt Loveless — South · Kanab / Kane County [Sources: FANCY, REMY, ERIKA]
• Laurel Yellowhorse — Southwest · Cedar City; Paiute Indian Tribe chairwoman, current tribal site [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY]
• Malcolm Lehi — Southeast · White Mesa / San Juan County [Sources: FANCY, REMY, ERIKA]
• Mark Holyoak — East-central · Price / Carbon County [Sources: FANCY, REMY, ERIKA]
• Matt Mccullough — Statewide rural hospital network [Sources: FANCY, REMY, ERIKA]
• Michael Taylor — Central · Nephi / Juab County [Sources: FANCY, REMY, ERIKA]
• Mike Banasky — Central-east · Price; Rural Health Association 2026–27 medical student board representative [Sources: FANCY, LANGHORNE, REMY]
• Peter Hoj — Salt Lake Valley · manufacturing; Food Bank director [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Shane Gurley — Southeast · Blanding / San Juan County [Sources: FANCY, REMY, ERIKA]
• Shaun Chapoose — East · Fort Duchesne; Ute Indian Tribe chairman on state tribal nations page [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Spencer Gibbons — Statewide; Farm Bureau CEO [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Steve Woodman — Third labor district · electricians; AFL-CIO board [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Tj England — Northern Utah / statewide trucking; Food Bank director [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Tom Davidson — Third labor district · construction; AFL-CIO board [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Tony Ericksen — Third labor district · sheet metal; AFL-CIO board [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY, ERIKA]
• Betty Cuch — Southwest · Cedar City; Paiute Cedar Band council member [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY]
• Bradley Parry — North · Ogden / Northwestern Shoshone [Sources: FANCY, ERIKA]
• Buu Nygren — Southeast Utah / Arizona headquarters; Navajo Nation president, cross-border [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY]
• Corrina Bow — Southwest · Cedar City / Paiute Tribe [Sources: FANCY, ERIKA]
• Daniel Moon — West · Skull Valley [Sources: FANCY, ERIKA]
• Dennis Alex — North · Ogden / Northwestern Shoshone [Sources: FANCY, ERIKA]
• Everette Bacon — Statewide / locality verify; DLC board, blindness access expert [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY]
• Gari Lafferty — Central-south · Kanosh; Paiute Kanosh Band council member [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY]
• Hannah Andrews — Salt Lake Valley / federal courts; Disability Law Center vice president, attorney [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY]
• Heather John — Central-south · Koosharem; Paiute Koosharem representative and vice chair [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY]
• Hope Jackson — West · Goshute Reservation [Sources: FANCY, ERIKA]
• Hope Silvas — Southwest · Ivins / Shivwits Band [Sources: FANCY, ERIKA]
• Ivette Lopez — Statewide / locality verify; Former board member, moved to advisory council in 2026 [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY]
• Julius Murray — Northeast · Fort Duchesne / Uintah & Ouray [Sources: FANCY, ERIKA]
• Leslie Francis — Salt Lake Valley · University of Utah; DLC president, law professor [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY]
• Linda Ashton — Salt Lake Valley; Food Bank director [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY]
• Lisa Thaller — Salt Lake Valley · business; Food Bank director [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY]
• Melissa Hinton — Southern Utah · regional clinical service [Sources: FANCY, ERIKA]
• Mohammed Elamin — Statewide / locality verify; DLC PAIMI advisory council chair [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY]
• Phillip Bushhead — Southwest · Shivwits; Paiute Shivwits Band council member [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY]
• Richard Williams — West · Ibapah / Goshute Reservation [Sources: FANCY, ERIKA]
• Sarah Pettit — Statewide · grocery distribution [Sources: FANCY, ERIKA]
• Selwyn Whiteskunk — Southeast Utah / Colorado headquarters; Ute Mountain Ute chairman, cross-border [Sources: LANGHORNE, REMY]
• Steve White — Statewide / headquarters [Sources: REMY, ERIKA]
• Steven Overby — Utah / locality unverified [Sources: REMY, ERIKA]
• Wesley Jones — Southeast · Aneth / San Juan County [Sources: FANCY, ERIKA]
• Willis Begay — Southeast · Oljato / San Juan County [Sources: FANCY, ERIKA]
• Alicia Martinez — North · Ogden [Sources: ERIKA]
• Alta Fairbourne — Wasatch Front · statewide [Sources: ERIKA]
• Alyson Bergomi — Salt Lake / statewide [Sources: REMY]
• Amy Shumway — North · Farmington; ULCT board, council member [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Annie Payne — Colorado Plateau · regional [Sources: ERIKA]
• Asha Pruitt — Wasatch Front · Salt Lake [Sources: ERIKA]
• Audree Bagley — Ballard / Uintah Basin [Sources: REMY]
• Audrey Goodrich — East · Roosevelt; ULCT board, council member [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Barbara Bruno — Southwest · Springdale; ULCT board, mayor [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Ben Nadolski — North · Ogden; ULCT board, mayor [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Brandon Baca — Statewide; UEA vice president [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Brandon Engles — Utah County · Alpine; UEA director and elementary educator [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Brandy Smith — Salt Lake / statewide [Sources: REMY]
• Brenda Halton — North · Davis; UEA director and teacher [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Brett Hales — Salt Lake Valley · Murray; ULCT board treasurer, mayor [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Brett Rydalch — Central · Salt Lake City; UEA director, high-school educator [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Britt Stull — Southwest · Washington; UEA Color Country director [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Brooke Williams — Southeast · Castle Valley / Grand [Sources: ERIKA]
• Caralee Woods — South · Kanab [Sources: ERIKA]
• Caren Burns — Salt Lake Valley · Granite; UEA director, elementary teacher [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Chance Hayes — East · Uintah Basin [Sources: ERIKA]
• Charlotte Teuscher — Wasatch Front · Salt Lake [Sources: ERIKA]
• Cherie Wood — Salt Lake Valley · South Salt Lake; 2026–27 ULCT board nominee, election status to verify [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Christa Hinton — Southwest · Santa Clara; ULCT vice president, council member [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Christopher Tabbee — Northeast · Fort Duchesne [Sources: FANCY]
• Claire Geddes — Wasatch Front / statewide [Sources: ERIKA]
• Clarence Rockwell — Southeast · Montezuma Creek [Sources: ERIKA]
• Cleveland Murray — Northeast · Fort Duchesne [Sources: ERIKA]
• Colten Bracken — Rural Utah / locality verify; Former 2026 board member, physician [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Dakota Rindlisbacher — Juab / central [Sources: REMY]
• Danielle Calacino — Salt Lake / statewide [Sources: REMY]
• Danny Van Wagoner — Central-east · Castle Dale; ULCT board, mayor [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Darlene Arrum — Central · Kanosh [Sources: ERIKA]
• Dave Mock — South · Boulder / Garfield [Sources: ERIKA]
• Delice Tom — Southwest · Cedar City [Sources: ERIKA]
• Denise Lake — North · Morgan; NEA director, elementary educator [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Dirk Burton — Salt Lake Valley · West Jordan; ULCT board, mayor [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Doyle Pete — West · Ibapah [Sources: ERIKA]
• Easten Torgersen — Alton / Kane / south [Sources: REMY]
• Easton Harris — Richfield / Sevier / central [Sources: REMY]
• Elizabeth Kitchens — Great Salt Lake watershed · conservation [Sources: FANCY]
• Elizabeth Weight — Central · Sanpete roots [Sources: ERIKA]
• Emmett Duncan — Northeast · Fort Duchesne [Sources: ERIKA]
• Erica Marken — Salt Lake / statewide [Sources: REMY]
• Esther Torgersen — Alton / Kane / south [Sources: REMY]
• G. J. Willden — Central · Gunnison / Sanpete [Sources: ERIKA]
• Glen Olson — Central · Mount Pleasant / Sanpete [Sources: ERIKA]
• Hank Postma — Southeast · Moab; UEA High Desert director, vocational teacher [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Hannah Haslam — Sandy / statewide office [Sources: REMY]
• Herman Farley — Southeast · Red Mesa / San Juan [Sources: ERIKA]
• Herman M. Daniels Jr. — San Juan and Arizona chapter ties / southeast [Sources: REMY]
• Howard Stoker — Salt Lake Valley · business services; Food Bank director [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Jana Duersch — North · Ogden; UEA director, adult-transition educator [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Jared Briggs — Randolph / Rich / northeast [Sources: REMY]
• Jeff Richards — Great Salt Lake watershed · wetlands [Sources: FANCY]
• Jennifer Bodine — Ogden roots / northern Utah [Sources: REMY]
• Jennifer Eden — Salt Lake / statewide [Sources: REMY]
• Jessica Egbert — Utah Valley · Mapleton; ULCT board, council member [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Jessica Pearson — Vernon / Tooele / west [Sources: REMY]
• Joe Havasi — Great Salt Lake watershed · industry [Sources: FANCY]
• Joe Roberts — Wasatch Front · Salt Lake [Sources: ERIKA]
• John Curtis — Utah / statewide [Sources: REMY]
• John Curtis (Cpa) — Salt Lake Valley / accounting; DLC treasurer, accountant [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Johnny Lehi Jr. — Cross-border · San Juan Southern Paiute [Sources: FANCY]
• Josey Harris — Richfield / Sevier / central [Sources: REMY]
• Josh Craft — Salt Lake / statewide [Sources: REMY]
• Julia Last — Salt Lake / statewide [Sources: REMY]
• Kate Bradshaw — North · Bountiful; ULCT president, mayor [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Katie Nelson — Salt Lake Valley · Canyons; UEA director, mathematics teacher [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Kaylee Alger — Wasatch Front · Salt Lake [Sources: ERIKA]
• Kelbe Goupil — Salt Lake / statewide [Sources: REMY]
• Kevin Emerson — Salt Lake / statewide [Sources: REMY]
• Kim Crane — Utah Valley · Springville; Municipal clerks association president [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Kirk Benge — Northeast · Uintah/Duchesne/Daggett [Sources: ERIKA]
• Kortney Carlisle — Redmond / Sevier / central [Sources: REMY]
• Leland Myers — Great Salt Lake watershed · wastewater [Sources: FANCY]
• Lillith Court — West · Skull Valley [Sources: ERIKA]
• Logan Mitchell — Salt Lake / statewide [Sources: REMY]
• Logan Reid — Southwest · Washington/Iron [Sources: ERIKA]
• Lorie Dudley — Salt Lake / statewide [Sources: REMY]
• Lorin Palmer — Southwest Salt Lake Valley · Herriman; ULCT vice president, mayor [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Lyndsay Peterson — North · North Logan; ULCT board, mayor [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Makell Pay — Nephi / Juab / central [Sources: REMY]
• Mark White — Wasatch Front · statewide [Sources: ERIKA]
• Mary Morgan — Wasatch Back · Park City; UEA Eastern Utah director [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Mary Pete-Freeman — West · Ibapah [Sources: ERIKA]
• Mary Wintch — Central · Manti; ULCT board, mayor [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Max Becker — Salt Lake / statewide [Sources: REMY]
• Megan Hillyard — Central · Salt Lake County [Sources: FANCY]
• Melvin Pearson — Vernon / Tooele / west [Sources: REMY]
• Michelle D. Smith — North · Davis; UEA ethnic minority director, educator [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Mickey Wright — South-central · Torrey; ULCT board, mayor [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Mike Mudrow — North · Logan; UEA northern director, high-school teacher [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Mike Natchees — Northeast · Fort Duchesne [Sources: ERIKA]
• Percel Cesspooch — Northeast · Fort Duchesne [Sources: ERIKA]
• Phyllis Naranjo — West · Ibapah [Sources: ERIKA]
• Reganne Briggs — Randolph / Rich / northeast [Sources: REMY]
• RenéE Pinkney — Wasatch Back · Park City; UEA president, social-studies teacher [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Revina Talker — Southeast · Monument Valley; Former 2026 board member, physician assistant [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Robbin Preston Jr. — Cross-border / southern Utah [Sources: REMY]
• Robert Fry — Wasatch Front / statewide [Sources: ERIKA]
• Russell Sorenson — Central · Richfield / Sevier [Sources: ERIKA]
• Ryan Doherty — West · Tooele County [Sources: FANCY]
• Sakia White — Sandy / statewide office [Sources: REMY]
• Sam EnlöF — Wasatch Front · airline logistics [Sources: ERIKA]
• Sara Baldwin-Griffin — Salt Lake / statewide [Sources: REMY]
• Seth Perrins — Utah Valley · Spanish Fork; ULCT city managers representative [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Stephanie Cha — Utah Valley · Nebo; UEA director, elementary teacher [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Tana Toly — Wasatch Back · Park City; ULCT board, council member [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Thomas Cooper — Wasatch Front · Salt Lake [Sources: ERIKA]
• Toni Kanosh — Central · Koosharem [Sources: ERIKA]
• Tony Pay — Nephi / Juab / central [Sources: REMY]
• Trevor Carlisle — Redmond / Sevier / central [Sources: REMY]
• Trudy Henderson — Statewide; Retired educator board director [Sources: LANGHORNE]
• Walker Bagley — Ballard / Uintah Basin [Sources: REMY]
• Zachary Frankel — Wasatch Front · statewide [Sources: ERIKA]
Check: (a) direct primary-source role pages and date of service; (b) Utah domicile and constitutional eligibility where relevant; (c) independent accomplishments and public policy statements; (d) prior electoral history, establishment ties and direct expression of interest; (e) tribal leadership with the sovereign nation's own current materials; and (f) 2028 declarations, filing and ballot-access status. Before a shortlist is ranked, make genuine evidence-based comparisons rather than equating repeat sourcing with suitability.
FANCY · https://docs.google.com/document/d/1gH-yVEQip-kT30asfWMh8Xz4slf0Hkne9xUOE6Krv0s/edit
ERIKA · https://docs.google.com/document/d/1db20u9IIXL2qh8NkiICd1Y0nm3Ma3z4SVG-1KrzJE7E/edit
LANGHORNE · https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NBncbHGAQSj0zvXKi8u_HRtYb_kz1pLGzVM8HdAKxS4/edit
REMY · https://docs.google.com/document/d/18qogd9WBdoj8ZH76gHxSAIIiteyTOCfC5sIqFgIhiPA/edit
Editorial note: a research prospect is not a nominee, candidate, supporter or member. Any ranking is a separate, later editorial judgment.